Percnodaimon merula


Percnodaimon merula inhabits the rocky environments of New Zealand’s Southern Alps, where almost vegetation-free scree slopes appear to represent its optimal habitat. These slopes provide suitable conditions for all stages of the life cycle: sun-exposed stones offer warm surfaces for egg incubation and adult thermoregulation, deep spaces between rocks provide shelter for pupae against predators and protect adults at night and during periods of bad weather, while sporadic alpine grasses (Poaceae) serve as larval food plants. The species appears to occur wherever suitable scree habitat is present, suggesting that the extensive areas without records may largely reflect under-sampling rather than true absence. Remarkably, Percnodaimon merula is in many respects strikingly similar to Erebia pluto, a European alpine species occupying the same ecological niche in the mountains of Europe.

IDENTIFICATION

The criteria below were designed both to highlight species-specific characteristics and to facilitate comparison with the superficially similar Erebiola butleri.

OCCURRENCE RECORDS

Occurrence records of Percnodaimon merula from iNaturalist (accessed 2026). Basemap from LINZ Topo250 series.

Occurrence records of Percnodaimon merula from iNaturalist (accessed 2026). Basemap from LINZ 10 m satellite imagery (2022–2023).

ALTITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION AND FLIGHT PERIOD

Altitudinal distribution of Percnodaimon merula based on iNaturalist occurrence records. Elevations extracted from the LINZ 8 m Digital Elevation Model (2012) at occurrence coordinates (accessed 2026).

Flight period of Percnodaimon merula based on iNaturalist occurrence records (accessed 2026).

POTENTIAL HABITAT MODELLING

Potential habitat for Percnodaimon merula was estimated by combining terrain type, slope, and elevation within QGIS. Suitable areas were delineated by selecting surfaces classified as “Gravel and Rock”, restricting them to slopes between 15° and 40° and elevations between 800 and 2000 m. These conditions were chosen to approximate scree habitats while excluding flat depositional areas and steep rocky cliffs. The resulting map should be viewed as an approximate representation of suitable habitat for Percnodaimon merula. The LINZ Scree Polygons Topo 150k dataset was not used, as it does not comprehensively capture all scree areas present in the landscape.

Potential habitat of Percnodaimon merula in the South Island of New Zealand. Areas of suitable habitat (blue) correspond to scree-like environments defined by terrain type, slope, and elevation.

Potential habitat and occurrence records of Percnodaimon merula. Predicted habitat (blue) is shown together with observation records (red points; iNaturalist, accessed 2026). Most observations fall within or close to predicted areas, supporting the ecological relevance of the model while also indicating regions that remain under-sampled.

Data sources

Habitat modelling was based on the Land Cover Database v6.0 for land cover and the LINZ 8 m Digital Elevation Model (2012) for both elevation and slope.

PHOTO GALLERY

Habitat, Faust (Canterbury), 1600 m, 10 February 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Male, Faust (Canterbury), 1600 m, 10 February 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Kohurau (Otago), 1600 m, 30 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Female, Kohurau (Otago), 1700 m, 30 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Unsuccessful mating attempt by a male (above), Kohurau (Otago), 1600 m, 30 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Habitat, Kohurau (Otago), 1800 m, 30 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Male, Kohurau (Otago), 1800 m, 30 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Male, Kohurau (Otago), 1800 m, 30 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Male, Kohurau (Otago), 1700 m, 30 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Male, Kohurau (Otago), 1600 m, 30 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Female, Kohurau (Otago), 1700 m, 30 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Habitat, Mount Kyeburn (Otago), 1500 m, 29 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Male, Mount Kyeburn (Otago), 1500 m, 29 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Male, Mount Kyeburn (Otago), 1500 m, 29 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Female, Mount Sutton (Canterbury), 1600 m, 27 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Female and habitat, Mount Sutton (Canterbury), 1700 m, 27 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Female, Mount Sutton (Canterbury), 1700 m, 27 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Female, Mount Sutton (Canterbury), 1700 m, 27 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Female, Mount Sutton (Canterbury), 1600 m, 27 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Female, Mount Sutton (Canterbury), 1600 m, 27 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Host plant Poa colensoi, Mount Sutton (Canterbury), 1500 m, 27 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Egg, Mount Sutton (Canterbury), 1500 m, 27 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Egg, Mount Sutton (Canterbury), 1500 m, 27 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Egg, Mount Sutton (Canterbury), 1500 m, 27 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Female ovipositing approximately 30 cm from the host plant, Mount Sutton (Canterbury), 1500 m, 27 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Female, Mount Sutton (Canterbury), 1500 m, 27 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Female ovipositing approximately 20 cm from the host plant, Mount Sutton (Canterbury), 1500 m, 27 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Habitat, Mount Sutton (Canterbury), 1500 m, 27 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Female, Mount Sutton (Canterbury), 1500 m, 27 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Female, Mount Sutton (Canterbury), 1500 m, 27 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Male, Shingle Hill (Canterbury), 1500 m, 26 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Male, Shingle Hill (Canterbury), 1500 m, 26 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Male, Shingle Hill (Canterbury), 1600 m, 26 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Habitat, Shingle Hill (Canterbury), 1500 m, 26 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Male, Shingle Hill (Canterbury), 1500 m, 26 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Male, Richmond Range (Canterbury), 1700 m, 23 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Habitat, Richmond Range (Canterbury), 1600 m, 23 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Male, Richmond Range (Canterbury), 1600 m, 23 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Unsuccessful mating attempt by a male (below), Mount Cockayne (Canterbury), 1400 m, 20 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Unsuccessful mating attempt by a male (below), Mount Cockayne (Canterbury), 1400 m, 20 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Female, Mount Cockayne (Canterbury), 1400 m, 20 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Female, Mount Cockayne (Canterbury), 1400 m, 20 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Mating pair (female left), Mount Cockayne (Canterbury), 1500 m, 20 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Mating pair (male left), Mount Cockayne (Canterbury), 1500 m, 20 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Mating pair (female left), Mount Cockayne (Canterbury), 1500 m, 20 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Mating pair (female below), Mount Cockayne (Canterbury), 1500 m, 20 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Mating pair (female right), Mount Cockayne (Canterbury), 1500 m, 20 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Male, Mount Cockayne (Canterbury), 1600 m, 20 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Female, Mount Cockayne (Canterbury), 1700 m, 20 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Female, Mount Cockayne (Canterbury), 1700 m, 20 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Habitat, Mount Cockayne (Canterbury), 1800 m, 20 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Male, Mount Cockayne (Canterbury), 1700 m, 20 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Male, Mount Cockayne (Canterbury), 1700 m, 20 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Male, Mount Cockayne (Canterbury), 1800 m, 20 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Habitat, Mount Cockayne (Canterbury), 1800 m, 20 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Male, Mount Cockayne (Canterbury), 1800 m, 20 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Male, Mount Cockayne (Canterbury), 1800 m, 20 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Female, Mount Cockayne (Canterbury), 1700 m, 20 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Female, Mount Cockayne (Canterbury), 1700 m, 20 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Male, Mount Cockayne (Canterbury), 1600 m, 20 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Habitat, Mount Cockayne (Canterbury), 1600 m, 20 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz

Male, Mount Cockayne (Canterbury), 1500 m, 20 January 2026 - photo Vincent Baudraz